there's

There's...

If there's one face I want to see,
so beautiful, so true,
one smile that makes a difference,
to everything I do.

If there's one touch I long to feel,
one voice I long to hear,
whenever I am happy,
or just needing someone near.

If there's one joy, one love,
from which I never want to part,
its you, my very special love,
my world, my life, my heart.

auxiliary verbs

افعال کمکی یا معین  (auxiliary verbs) معمولاً قبل از یک فعل دیگر (فعل اصلی) در جمله قرار می‌گیرند و کارشان کمک به فعل اصلی جمله در تشکیل عبارات فعلی می‌باشد.

افعال کمکی را می‌توان به دو دسته تقسیم نمود:
 

افعال کمکی اصلی

be, have, do

افعال کمکی وجهی(ناقص)modals

must ought to used to

shall should

may might

can could

will would

   

ویژگیهای افعال کمکی

الف) افعال کمکی اصلی

حالت سوم شخص مفرد (-s form)، گذشته ساده و اسم مفعول (P.P.) آنها بی قاعده است:
 

past participle	past tense	-s form	be: have: do:
been had done	was / were had did	is has does

ب) افعال کمکی وجهی

1- در حالت سوم شخص مفرد (بر خلاف افعال معمولی) -s نمی‌گیرند:

• She can play the piano quite well. (not: She cans ...)
• He must work harder. (not: He musts ...)

-2در جملات پرسشی و منفی، از فعل کمکی دیگری استفاده نمی‌کنند:

• What would you buy if you won the lottery?
  (not: What did you would buy ...)

-3هیچگاه to بعد از آنها قرار نمی‌گیرد (به استثنای ought to و used to):

• You should phone the police immediately. (not: you should to phone ...)

-4هیچگاه -ed یا -ing نمی‌گیرند:

 musting, musted

-5هیچگاه با همدیگر به کار برده نمی‌شوند:

• I might could wash the car.

   

قابلیت های مختلف افعال کمکی

1- برای منفی کردن یک جمله کافی است پس از فعل کمکی، not اضافه کنید و یا از حالت مخفف آن استفاده کنید:

 She will come → She will not (won't) come.

-2برای پرسشی کردن یک جمله، فعل کمکی را قبل از فاعل جمله قرار دهید:

 She will come → Will she come?

3- گاهی می‌توان فعل اصلی پس از فعل کمکی را حذف کرد به شرط آنکه معنی آن (با توجه به شرایط) واضح باشد:

• 'Will she come tonight?' 'No, she can't.' (='she can't come.')
• 'I've never been to China. Have you?'
   

cloze2

       It had been a hard day's search. The members of the search group ----1---- a small lake and decided to ----2    ---- the night there. It was getting dark, so they wanted to ----3---- a fire. One of them was looking for some ----4---- of wood when at once he found the missing boy. He was sleeping ---4---under a tree only half a mile away from his home. -P

 

1.

     a. received      b. returned      c. reached     d. realized     

2.

             a. spend          b. handle         c. leave        d. struggle     

3.

     a. lean             b. light            c. burn         d. tap     

4.

     a. columns        b. patterns      c. surfaces    d. pieces

5.

     a. mainly           b. basically       c. carelessly   d. quietly     

 

  Answers:   1. c       2. a        3. b        4. d        5.d

      The atmosphere keeps part of the sun's light from reaching the earth. Plants and animals could not ----1---- on the earth without some light and -----2----- from the sun. But if all of the sun's light and heat -----3----- the earth, they would kill living things. ------4-----, the earth's covering of air prevents sudden great changes in -----5-----. Such changes would be dangerous for living things. -76

 

1.

a. breathe                b. keep              c. live            d. work

2.

a. cloud                   b. heat               c. rain            d. storm

3.

a. directed               b. reached          c. reflected     d. produced

4.

a. Although             b. Whether          c. Until           d. Therefore

5.

a. departure             b. mixture           c. temperature           d. structure

forgetting

      Perhaps most people have the experience of forgetting. They're unaware of a simple but important fact: memory can be improved. Research will show you how.    

        First, relax. If you're over worried about remembering something, you'll forget it. And avoid being negative. If you keep telling yourself that your memory is bad, your mind will come to believe it and you won't remember things. When you forget something, do not care very much, because it will have a negative effect on you and your memory. To remember more, you'll need to take an active role. Your memory can be strengthened through exercise. Look for opportunities to exercise your memory .   

       For example, if you're learning a language, try to actively remember irregular verbs. To be aware of things, try to make mental pictures of what you see. If you want to find your keys, make a mental picture of the place where you're putting them.     (82

 

? What is the best title for this passage     

       a. Experience of forgetting                b. How to improve your memory       

       c. Negative effect on mind                d. How to remember irregular verbs       

    .------ According to the passage, one of the reasons people have problems remembering things is      

       a. not being positive                           b. not believing themselves        

       c. not being experienced                     d. not remembering irregular verbs        

   ? According to the passage, what is the important fact about memory   

       a. It can be changed to better.             b. It can never be changed.

       c. It needs careful attention.               d. It should be loaded by different things.      

    In the second paragraph the word "it" refers to -------.      

       a. forgetting something                       b. not caring about what you do        

       c. not having enough exercise             d. caring about something which has been forgotten        

     The word "effect" in line 6 is closest in meaning to --------.         

              a. importance         b. information          c. impression         d. instance

Active & Passive sentences

                                               Active & Passive sentences

 

:جمله معلوم جمله ای است که با فاعل شروع می شود.مثال:

▪ The scientists performed some experiments yesterday.

▪ Anita will clean the apartment tomorrow.

▪ Mr. Peterson has sold his car.

 

:جمله مجهول جمله ای است که با مفعول شروع می شود.مثال:

▪ Some experiments were performed yesterday.

▪ The apartment will be cleaned tomorrow (by Anita).

▪ His car has been sold.

از جملات مجهول زمانی استفاده می شود که فاعل انجام کار مشخص و یا مهم نیست و مفعول یا کار انجام شده بر روی آن مهم است.

▪ The project will be completed next week.

▪ After the accident, she was taken to the hospital.

 

جملات مجهول دارای ساختار کلی زیر می باشند

  مفعول + to be اسم مفعول + شکل مناسب فعل

عبارتند از: to be اشکال مختلف فعل

am / is / are / was / were / be / been / being

 

انتخاب شکل صحیح این فعل بر اساس زمان جمله و مفعول صورت می گیرد.

زمان جمله	ساختار مجهول	active	passive
حال ساده	am/is/are + P.P.	We make butter from milk. People never invite me to parties.	Butter is made from milk. I am never invited to parties.
گذشته ساده	was/ were + P.P.	Somebody stole my keys yesterday. They didn't invite me to the party.	My keys were stolen yesterday. I wasn't invited to the party.
حال استمراری	am/ is/are + being + P.P.	They are building a new airport at the moment.	A new airport is being built at the moment.
گذشته استمراری	was/were + being +P.P.	They were building some new houses here a few years ago.	Some new houses were being built here a few years ago.
حال کامل	have/has + been + P.P.	Look! They have painted the door. Has somebody washed this shirt?	Look! The door has been painted. Has this shirt been washed?
گذشته کامل	had + been + P.P.	Ann said that Somebody had stolen his car.	Ann said that her car had been stolen.
افعال ناقص	modal + be + P.P.	Somebody will clean the office. You should wash this sweater by hand. They are going to build a new airport. Somebody has to wash these clothes.	The office will be cleaned. This sweater should be washed by hand. A new airport is going to be built. These clothes have to be washed.

 

 

1. He didn't go to his friend's party since he ---------- to go there. (77)

a. was not invited                     b. had not invited

c. wouldn't be invited              d. hasn't been invited

 

2. A tree was lying across the road. It ---------- in the storm. (81)

a. had been blown down                    b. has been blown down

c. could been blown down                 d. would be blown down

 

3. You did not make a wise decision, because you --------- wrong information. (84)

a. given b. had given c. are given d. had been given

 

4. After the accident, we were kept in prison for two hours then, ---------. (81)

a. we allowed to go                      b. we were allowed to go

c. we allowed going                      d. we were allowed going

 

5. The match --------- by a large crowd when it started to rain. (84)

a. has been watching                        b. has watched

c. was watching                               d. was being watched